Environmental Psychology Article Analysis

Environmental psychology is a moderately new subfield of psychology. Understanding how individuals interact, perceive, and respond to the built and natural environment is the goal of environmental psychology (Veitch & Arkkelin, 1995). Overcrowding, climate, and pollution are some environmental factors that may definitely have a huge influence on human behavior. Natural disasters not only significantly affect an individual’s life but also a family’s life. Furthermore, understanding this substantial effect and ways to care for and heal the trauma of a natural disaster is an important goal for environmental psychologists (Veitch & Arkkelin, 1995). In August 2005, hurricane Katrina hit Louisiana (NOAA, 2007). The overwhelming aftermath left Louisiana in complete destruction, leaving thousands displaced and almost 2,000 lives lost (NOAA, 2007). In addition, children were lost as well as numerous children left without families. The psychological trauma brought on by this event is a subject that psychologists attempt to understand. Through the article â€Å"Traumatization through Separation: Loss of Family and Home as Childhood Catastrophes† by Ute Benz (2004) this understanding can begin to be met. Throughout this journey, the article will be analyzed for its significance to the trauma suffered in hurricane Katrina, how the people of Louisiana especially young children cope, and how this type of tragedy influences a person’s life. Article Summary. Anna Freud created a home for displaced children in 1940. These children were alienated from their families as a result of the German bombardment of London (Benz, 2004). These children were alienated not only from their families but also their environment. Through Anna Freud’s research during and after this time, she could better comprehend the needs and development of children, particularly during stressful times (2004). Separation from the home and family is one of the most distressing events that can occur in a child’s life. Benz (2004) explores the degree of distress and the amount of influence separation has on different age groups as well as asserting the significance of how caregivers respond and react to these children. The short and long-term effects are also investigated. Benz does this through the works of Anna Freud and Hans Keilson (2004). The article takes on a psychoanalytic approach and emphasizes the importance of separation and trauma in a child’s life along with how a child will function. Hurricane Katrina and Environmental Psychology. As stated above, the effects of hurricane Katrina were devastating. The trauma that the children of Louisiana suffered because of this huge disaster and family separation was extensive. The long-term effects can be theorized only at this point, as this event just occurred in August 2005. Although known that there are certain points in a child’s life in which separation is more distressing; aggression and guilt can occur including ambivalent feelings of love and hate as the cause of this (Benz, 2004). Environmental psychology can hold a momentous place in tying together the effects of an environmental cataclysm such as a hurricane to psychological influence and human behavior. It does not matter what researchers or scientists try to do, natural disasters will never be prevented; however, understanding what treatment plan is better for survivors of any disaster or the best course of action concerning how to respond to this type of situation is essential. Not only does one have to deal with losing friends and family members but also one has to deal with losing his or her home and becoming displaced. All of these situations can be very devastating and can have a major effect on people, especially a child. Conclusion The correlation between a natural disaster and the effects it has on one is brought together through environmental psychology. The perception of the interaction or the environment and event as well as the behavioral and psychological response to the environment lead environmental psychologists through their desire and research for understanding an individual’s behavior in regard to his or her surroundings. The work completed by Hans Keilson and Anna Freud contributed to the understanding of how the environment and the traumatic event of a child who has been separated from his or her family can have considerable psychological effects. The goal of environmental psychologists is to assist in the treatment and care as well as understanding displaced families, children, and an individual.

Hae’s Murder

Hae orchestrated her own murder with the help of a third party to frame Adnan. Suppose the plan was to plant Hae's body in Adnan's car in order to frame Adnan. Hae's accomplice mistook Jay for Adnan (or followed Adnan's car, that Jay borrowed), and Adnan discovered Hae's body in Adnan's car, freaked out, and either confronted Adnan and they both buried the body together, or buried the body himself but pointing the finger to Adnan, or just left the body to Adnan to deal with. The anonymous tip came from Hae's accomplice. The tip was specific about pinning it on one particular person.The body was buried in a way that wanted to be found (shallow grave of 6 inches). Mr S probably received a tip or heard a rumor about the grave. Someone wanted the body to be found and led to Adnan. If Adnan had premeditated the murder, he could have pre-dug grave or dug deeper grave. It seems far fetched but we hardly know anything about Hae, except for her diary, her post-breakup letter to Adnan, and some of her Lacrosse buddies called her a tick, as in a very competitive spirit who could not let go. The picture she painted of their relationship in her diary sounded like she was more into Adnan than he was. He recounted being upset about the break up for a while but got over it because it's just high school stuff.She was in love with him despite him calling her the devil, and his sin, and endured public embarrassment by his parents at the homecoming dance. Adnan and his friends thought it was funny.Aisha recounted that Hae didn't think it was funny.Hae wrote in her diary that Adnan would have to choose between her or his religion. She believed that love will â€Å"conquer all†. She would need to make him see this, that she is above his belief. She broke up with him, started dating an older guy to make Adnan jealous, to get back at him and in hopes that he would recognize his mistake. Adnan would come running back to her and commit his undying love for her forever religion be-damned. Instead, Adnan got over her and started dating other women, multiple women, and is so casual about it. Hae becomes mad hurt, jealous, and plots her own murder to frame Adnan. By the time Jay (or Jay and Adnan) discover the body, they're probably high and freaking out. Adnan (who knew nothing) was probably having a hard time convincing Jay that he didn't do it and Jay is probably super convinced that Adnan is the killer that his mind â€Å"filled in the blanks† by the police investigation and made his story corroborate police findings. This would explain why his stories change from time to time.They may have disposed of the bodies together. idkThe identity of the anonymous tipper, the story from the neighbor boy about seeing a girl's dead body in the trunk, the coincidence of finding the body, all make me believe that there is a third person who indirectly pointed to the location of the body and blamed Adnan.

Mouse Factory Design of Experiments Statistics Project

Mouse Factory Design of Experiments - Statistics Project Example These will act as a basis for future improvements, modifications and prediction. The graph above shows the graphical distribution of the 381 observation in the experiment. As it can be seen from the chart the percentage shrinkage lies between 53.5 and 55.1. Therefore the mean shrinkage lies at about 54 percent. The mean percentage shrinkage for the initial settings is 54.35. The mode is 54.46 while the median is 54.37. These measures of central tendency are not significantly different suggesting that the data is normally distributed. This rhymes well with the graphical representation in the above figure. The variability of percentage shrinkage can be located by use of range, standard deviation and variance. The range which measures the difference between the biggest and the smallest observation is 1.88. The variance and the standard deviation of these observations are 0.16 and 0.40 respectively. The smaller the variability of the shrinkage the more the data is clustered around the mean and the more it is predictable. Considering the initial variable settings which represent the main input the mean shrinkage should lay in the following confidence interval; By taking a consideration of 95% confidence interval, sample size of 381, a sample mean of 54.35 and a standard deviation of 1.88, the confidence interval mean of the future shrinkage should lie between 54.16 and

International Defense Profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Defense Profile - Essay Example Topics of defence policies, weapons superiority, and military paradigms are currently being addressed while the traditional models are set aside (Markert & Backer, 2003). Essentially, the United States is forecasting a situation where it will be forced to battle for power with emerging Third World Powers through the design of weapons and use of contemporary military technologies. In the Contemporary global society, developing nations are armed with the state of the art armaments. These include increased use of proliferated Chemical Weapons, availability of ballistic and cruise missiles, nuclear weapons capacity, high-performance aircrafts and submarines. It, therefore, shows that more nations are becoming  fatal in the battlefields. It is, therefore, critical to ponder the implication of the coming Gulf War, current terrorism war and Russian military resurgence (Markert & Backer, 2003). Recently, national security has been used as a justification for enormous government expenditures; therefore, the government has procured and developed weapons systems and armaments. There are various rationales for the establishment and massive investment in new weapons and military forces. First, military forces are used for the defense, therefore, need to direct investment to reduce damages and prevent attacks by the opponents (Markert & Backer, 2003). In addition, modern nuclear weapons have become highly sophisticated that it can cause massive damages to the enemy. These defensive mechanisms may also involve the employment of counterforce targeting which means aiming at opponent’s military forces specifically at strategic nuclear forces. It may also involve counter-value targeting that uses a particular program to point at weapons placed at softer targets for instance in industrial facilities, economic enterprises and populated urban centers (Markert & Backer, 2003).

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Ethics - Essay Example That said, the main aim of this paper should be to investigate and discuss the ways that an organization can manage ethical behavior within its structure and pertinent to the larger body of stakeholders. There are types of methods or means of managing ethical behavior within an organization and its stakeholder circles. Categorized as formal and informal means, these form the mainstay of a manager’s, or management teams’ effort at introducing and managing ethical behavior within the organization (Phillips & Margolis 1999). The first or formal means of managing ethical behavior in an organization entails the results of years of research and widespread trials in the industry. These include; the core value statement, the mission statement, the code of ethics, compliance manuals, and ethics standards and indices. The second or informal means of managing ethical behavior in the organization and its wider stakeholders setting are more or less the result of years of experience in the industry and a distillate of the vast pool of experience in optimizing organizational performance through ethics. These means are; manager concern/role-modeling, candid ethical communication, et hics as a topic of employee conversation, reward and penalty systems, and communication of stories (Schnebel & Bienert 2004). In addition to the means of managing ethical behavior, the paper shall venture into other issues that are relevant to this topic. Since management ethics is a wide topic, the process might venture into issues such as codes of conduct and codes of ethics, workplace ethics theories, training and its role in the management of workplace ethics, the impact of new technology on ethical behavior, and corporate social responsibility (Solomon 2004). Formal methods of managing ethical behavior pertain to the methods individuals or organizational teams strive to improve their employees’

Change the attitude Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Change the attitude - Essay Example I am also afraid that during one of my angry bouts, I might seriously hurt someone physically. Through this research paper, I will therefore attempt to delve deeper into the underlying causes of angry behavior, to try and understand the reasons why it develops so easily. In this way, through an understanding of the underlying causes, I may be able to find ways and means to cope with this behavior and change my attitude. Ambrose and Mayne (1999) have summed up the problem of anger as an attitude prevailing among members in society as follows: â€Å"Anger remains one of the most significant problems facing our society today. In a world growing more crowded, with the pace of life increasing exponentially†¦..there is growing potential for anger to play a destructive role on a frighteningly large scale.† (p 362). Anger and aggression is undesirable behavior because it generally leads an individual to manifest that anger against a loved one or an acquaintance. According to Averill (1993), over half of most aggressive actions involving anger are perpetrated against a loved one or an acquaintance, while only 6% of anger episodes are directed against external objects. In offering an explanation for anger, Jeremy Griffith focuses upon biological elements which contribute to this kind of attitude. He points out that unlike animals, human beings are fully conscious. As a result human insight into the past enables a person to make predictions about what is likely to happen in the future, and it is this consciousness that also endows human beings with the ability to control their instincts and manage their lives.(www.humancondition.info). However, in some instances, a conflict develops, between orientated instinct and the experimenting intellect which seeks to understand life’s patterns and to develop greater control over the events in one’s life through using one’s mind. The instincts in effect, try to stop the necessary search for knowledge which is initiated

The Judgment Seat of Christ Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Judgment Seat of Christ - Research Paper Example Introduction Through the death and resurrection of Jesus, death, suffering and sin have lost its power over humanity. It has opened to humanity the reality of life to come after this life on earth. This hope, which the redemptive act of Christ gives, brings men and women to the reality that life here on earth is the beginning of persons’ journey towards God. In this way, life’s journey starts from, begins with, and ends with God. However, as the images of eschatology fortifies hope for things to come, it also poses a challenge, for Christians, to take constantly a re-look into their inner lives as well as in their actions because in the â€Å"Second Advent and in the final overthrow of Death† , â€Å"we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ, so that each one may be recompensed for his deeds in the body, according to what he has done, whether good or bad† (2 Cor 5:10). In light of this, research will seek to understand St. Paul’s the judgment seat of Christ. This is significant, as people perceive the judgment seat of Christ with dread. Since, it is commonly ,believed that it is in the judgment seat of Christ that people will account to God what they have done in this life, whether good or bad, and God’s justice will prevail. ... The third segment will be dealing with the ethical challenge pose to the Christian by St. Paul’s the judgment seat of Christ. Finally, the fourth part will be the conclusion. Furthermore, the study will not be providing an exegetical analysis of the text. It will also not provide a discussion pertaining to the debate between Premillennialist, who holds that the judgment is one of the various eschatological judgments and the Amelliennialist who claims that there is only one judgment event. Instead, the research will focus on the relationship between God and man and man between men in the context of Pauline eschatology. Jesus The Son of Man Scholarly works abounds pertaining to the ‘mystery of Jesus’. Acknowledging this fact, the focus of the discussion will be the title Jesus used to refer to himself – The Son of Man.4 It has been observed that the writers of the New Testament have referred to Jesus as the â€Å"Messiah† (Christ), â€Å"Kyrios† (Lord) and Son of God. In this regard, the meaning and content of the Son of Man, which is drawn from Jesus’ own words, are transferred to these other titles.5 In light of this, there are three different interpretations pertinent to the Son of Man. The first interpretation holds that the Son of Man refers to the One who is to come. This differentiates Jesus from the Son of Man and supports the notion that Jesus does not refer to himself as the Son of Man. As such, the first interpretation speaks of the immanence of Jesus and the forthcoming eschatology. On the other hand, the second interpretation, views the Son of MAN as referring to the earthly activities of Jesus. As such, Jesus claims Lordship over the Sabbath, the power to forgive sins and about him neither possessions nor home.6 Finally, the third

Summary of Malcolm X Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary of Malcolm X - Article Example He remembers that when he was hustling on the street, he was the most influential speaker around. The problem now, is his only means of communicating with the world outside the prison is through writing. So he decided to become a better writer. Malcolm X began by getting a copy of the dictionary and a few blank tablets. He started to copy each page of the notebook until he had copied the entire A section. This exercise taught him new words and kept him busy so he did not dwell on being in prison. He also said that his handwriting improved greatly while doing these exercises. As a result of this new educational regimen, Malcolm X was soon able to be more articulate in his written language. This allowed him to write with confidence. He now was able to write just as powerfully as he could speak. Malcolm X said, â€Å"months passed without my even thinking about being imprisoned. In fact, up to then, I never had been so truly free in my life.† I like this quote because it shows how liberating education can

Assignment 3 Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 3 - Movie Review Example Thus, youths in The Outsiders join gangs in self defense. What crime activity they did? Youth in The Outsiders committed a myriad of crimes, all of which can be best defined by two basic activities of crime, namely the shoplifting and manslaughter. How we respond to Gang activity? Gang activity can be responded to by providing the defenseless children with protection and security. Much of the violence greasers are exposed to is because of their poverty. Thus, providing the poor children with facilities and doing charity work are some ways in which we can respond to the gang activity. Colors Why did the youth join the Gang? In the movie Colors, the leader of the Hispanic gang discloses to the cop that he would not like his younger brother to join a gang when he is grown up. The leader regrets being the way he is and would not like to see his younger brother in his boots taking into consideration all that happened to him in the past. In spite of this, the younger brother imitates the e lder brother and cultivates a desire to be like him, and ultimately he becomes a member of a gang just like the Hispanic leader did one day. Thus, the younger brother joins gang because of his elder brother’s association with one. Had the elder brother not been part of a gang, the younger might not have opted to be part of one as well.

Visual Arts and Film Studies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Visual Arts and Film Studies - Assignment Example I smiled at the answers I got and felt like nodding because, indeed, I see those things in myself as well. I will try to relay to you what they told me so far. Positivity. I was told that this is definitely one of my strongest characteristic. All three of my friends agreed that they feel lighter when they are around me. I was told that there were several times when they felt down due to a bad thing, and I would point out the good side of it and make them feel better. I know that most of the times, I see the brighter side of a dark situation. Individualization. My friends told me that I am one of those who hate stereotypes. They reminded me of the times when they would make generalized comments about a person based on fashion taste or circle of friends, and I would stand up for that person and insist that no one knows anything until we get to know that person well. I had been stereotyped a lot so probably that's why I hate to see it happening to anyone. Includer. I know that I have al ways been warm to everyone. My friends told me that I am always the one to invite a person to join a conversation, or an activity, etc. It makes me feel awkward to see anyone being left on the sides. I know that everyone has a potential and it makes me feel good to be the one to actually cause a person to show his or her skills in a group because of my welcoming attitude. Activator. My friends made me laugh on this one, because they told me they sometimes feel like having a hard time keeping up with my activities. I don't like dull moments and I always feel like there is still something better to do than just idle away. Developer. Friends say that if they ever need encouragement, they will just come looking for me. It is as if I know how they will best be able to flaunt their skills because of the ideas I give them. I like it a lot when people discover something in themselves, and I like it better when I know I am a part of that progress. 2. I feel that positivity is the overall cau se of all the other dominant themes of talent in me. I feel positive in me, for me, and for others, that I want everybody to act and feel the same. 3. I believe that being an activator develops most of the talents. This is because I always search for something new to do and learn. I always tap into the unknown, which I think is a good thing in loosening our imaginative freedom. I don't want to get stuck in something that is redundant, so I tend to be fearless in exploring and learning new things. 4. The surprising thing is how my friends see these dominant characteristics so well, and how they respond so positively to these. I never want to imagine that people see me as â€Å"overwhelming,† so it is nice to know that they enjoy my personality. 5. The talent that I want to develop more is â€Å"individualization† because I know that every person has their own qualities worth knowing about, and I would really like to be able to be one of those who makes a difference, and tap into those hidden talents that most other people choose to ignore and be prejudice about. However, I know that I need to work on my verbal interaction with people because despite these positive qualities, I know that there are still others who see me as just the quiet typical art student. II. Networking Event I went to a networking event, which is a screening of a short film entitled â€Å"Wallenda.† It is produced by RareForm pictures --- an independent film production company founded in 2009. The screening was held in Gnomon, last December 3, at around 7;00 p.m. The film is directed by V.W. Scheich, and written by V.W. Scheich and Uyen Le. You can find out more about the film at http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2094183/. I found out about

Marketing Research Essay Example for Free

Marketing Research Essay 1. Explain the difference between testing for significant differences and testing for association. If a relationship present between two variables, it is important to know thw direction, the direction of a relationship can be either positive or negative. An understanding of the strength of association also is important. Researchers generally categorize the stenght os association as no relationship, weak relationship, moderate relationship, or strong relationship. If a consistent and systematic relationship is not present, then there is no relationship. 2. Explain the difference between association and causation. It depends if we have a linear relationship, which means the strength and nature of the relationship between them remains the same over the range of both variables, and can be best described using a straight line; or a curvilinear relationship, which means the strength and/or direction of the relationship changes over the range of both variables. 3. What is covariation? How does it differ from correlation? Covariation is the amount of change in one variable that is consistently related to the change in another variable of interest. 4. What are the differences between univariate and bivariate statistical techniques? Univariate focuses on one variable, and bivariate focuses on 2 5. What is regression analysis? When would you use it? Statistical technique that analyzes the linear relationship between two variables by estimating coefficients for an equation for a straight line. One variable is designated as dependent variable and the other is called an independent or predictor variable. 6. What is the main problem caused by high multicollinearity among the independent variables in a multiple regression equation? A situation in which several independent variables are highly correlated with each other. This characteristic can result in difficulty in estimating separate or independent regression coefficients for the correlated variables.

Health promotion within the midwifery profession

Health promotion within the midwifery profession This essay will focus on smoking and diet in relation to health promotion within the midwifery profession. Smoking and diet are two main areas of health promotion, which are addressed within the role of the midwife. Smoking and types of diet are both choices which women choose to make, both of which can affect their own health and the health of their child. Smoking is known to have negative effects on pregnancy. There have been many recent public health campaigns which encourage smoking cessation; the reasons for this will be discussed in relation to maternal and fetal heatlh. Diet is an extensive topic and an unhealthy diet can affect pregnancy in various ways. The subtopics of vitamin deficiencies and obesity will be discussed as they are both relevant to todays population of women within the UK. It is a midwives role to promote a healthy diet and lifestyle; as set out by The Royal College of Midwives, and the Nursing and Midwifery council, whom provide rules, regulations and standards which midwives must adhere to when practicing. Evidence based guidelines are also set out by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence, Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists to improve the way in which midwives practice. Both rules and guidelines aim to provide training which enable midwives to promote a healthy diet and lifestyle to optimise the health of the woman and her developing fetus prior to and during pregnancy. Being healthy means different things to different people. There are many different definitions of health. The medical model, now common in the 20th century, defines health as being the absence of illness and presence of a good bodily function. However, this definition does not take into account social or mental factors and focuses on treatment rather than prevention which may be considered as reductionist and negative (Scriven 2010). Whereas a holistic definition, by The World Health Organisation (1948), states that health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Even though the holistic model may be praised for acknowledging that mental and social factors effect health, WHOs definition has been heavily criticised for being too idealistic and would consider many people unhealthy (Scriven 2010). In relation to midwifery it is important to promote health, as a healthy diet and lifestyle prior to and during pregnan cy improves the chances of a successful pregnancy. It is a midwives role to promote health and wellbeing of women and their babies (NMC, 2008). Health promotion, as described by Scriven (2010), is said to be improving, advancing, supporting, encouraging and placing health higher on personal and public agendas. Midwives use health promotion models and approaches to enable a common value to be made clear; allowing all team members to work towards the same goal. As a result, effective communication between midwives is more likely, and therefore the quality of health promotion given to women is improved (Bowden 2006). Commonly, Tannahills model of health promotion, developed by Downie et al (1996), lends itself well to midwifery practice. The model mainly focuses on health education, health protection and preventing ill-health. These three main topics overlap; in which health promoting activities may fall. Child vaccination programmes implemented by the NHS is an example of health protection overlapping with ill-health prevention that oc curs in practice (Bowden 2006).This example emphasises the positive feature of the model; being able to carry out both objectives of improving health and preventing disease (Sykes 2007). The educational approach is often used within this model whereby the midwife gives facts and information to the women who may then choose to act on the information given, or not (Bowden 2006). Similarly, the behaviour change approach is commonly used in midwifery when encouraging women to change her attitudes or beliefs to adopt a healthier lifestyle (Bowden 2006). There are many health promotions approaches and models. However, no specific model is relevant to every woman. Each woman will have individual needs and therefore requires an individual assessment in relation to health promotion. Recently smoking has been the centre of health promotion. It is generally accepted that smoking in pregnancy has detrimental effects on fetal growth. Conter et al (1995) found that women who smoked cigarettes during pregnancy were more likely to have a baby with a lower birth weight than babies born to women who did not smoke during pregnancy. Carbon monoxide, inhaled in cigarette smoke, combines more readily with haemoglobin than oxygen (Sherwood, 2006). As a result, the maternal blood supplies less oxygen to the fetus for growth and development; often resulting in low-birth-weight babies. Lumley et al (2009) undertook a systematic review and concluded that methods which encourage women to quit smoking while pregnant reduce the amount of women who continue to smoke in late pregnancy, as well as reducing low birth weights and pre-term birth. However, some women may argue that it is desirable to have a smaller baby as they assume labour will be shorter and less painful, and therefore will not stop smoking. The midwife must explain that this is untrue and there are serious health implications to herself and her child. It is well-known that babies born with a low-birth weight are more likely to die in their first year of life, or require special educational needs during childhood (RCM 2003). Maternal smoking is thought to increase the risk of miscarriage. Abnormal placentation is a cause of spontaneous abortion of which is linked to increased blood pressure; an adverse effect of smoking (Stables and Rankin, 2010). However, research findings are inconclusive. Similarly, maternal smoking is known to increase the likelihood of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Blair et al (1996) found that the risk of sudden infant death rose with maternal smoking. Postnatal infant exposure to tobacco smoke was also seen to increase the likelihood of SIDS. It can therefore be concluded that antenatal care that encourages smoking cessation during pregnancy and reduces exposure to tobacco smoke in the postnatal environment may help to reduce stillbirths and infant deaths. However, the link between smoking and SIDS is not directional as the causes of SIDS are not yet known. Considering the possible consequences of smoking in pregnancy, it is important that midwives offer help and support to women and their families to encourage smoking cessation. NICE (2010) has recommended that midwives should breath test pregnant women for carbon monoxide levels at booking and antenatal appointments. However, this method may be unreliable as carbon monoxide levels fall quickly in expired breath, and therefore is likely to fail to observe carbon monoxide levels associated with low-levels of smoking. Furthermore, such a test may be considered invasive as some women may not want to disclose their smoking status or. Many women may also feel discouraged to attend antenatal appointments in fear of being judged by the midwife if they have not, or do not want to quit smoking. This may prevent midwives from promoting health if they do not get to speak to, support and educate the women during their antenatal visits. Alternatively, all smoking pregnant women should be given guidance and referred to NHS Stop Smoking Services (NICE 2010). Such services are designed to provide evidence-based non-judgemental support to people who want to stop smoking. It is the responsibility of the midwife to refer women to another practitioner if their health or wellbeing would benefit from doing so (NMC 2008). This may include referral to an especially trained midwife to support pregnant women in stopping smoking. This may enable women to see the same midwife regularly, enabling a midwife-woman relationship to be formed. Therefore women may feel a greater level of support provided by the midwife; increasing the likelihood of smoking cessation. Yet a shortage of midwives may prevent this and instead become a barrier to the further improvement of effective health promotion and smoking cessation services. Successful smoking cessation not only involves educating pregnant women, but their families too. Ashford et al (2009) suggested that it is significantly important that a womans partner and family are well educated by health professionals about the effects of second hand smoke to maintain a smoke-free home to prevent postpartum relapse rates. It is the responsibility of the midwife to ensure that the pregnant woman and her family are aware of the psychological and physical effects of passive smoking. In response to this, a midwife may offer information to women and her family regarding nicotine replacement therapy to encourage cessation. Smoking cessation advice given with the provision of nicotine replacement therapy is a typical intervention in relation to the prevention health education domain of the Tannahill model (Sykes 2007). For most smokers motivation to stop smoking is key. Yet for many women and their partners the presence or planning of a pregnancy is sufficient motivation (Heggie 2006). However, in practice, the midwife may not only provide information about the health benefits of smoking cessation, but the social and financial too. Financial savings can be large and seen quickly, a possible appealing factor to stopping smoking. Socially, women may be able re-build relationships with non-smoking friends; a good source of support to prevent smoking relapse (Heggie 2006). Considering time constraints which often cause a barrier to effective health promotion by the midwife, discussions related to smoking may be brief or an information overload. The midwife may use visual aids such as leaflets, pictures and tables may improve the likelihood that the information is understood, hopefully improving the likelihood that the woman would choose to quit smoking. When encouraging women to quit smoking, the midwi fe commonly uses educational and behaviour-change models, to inform and encourage women to improve their lifestyle for the benefit of her own and the health of her baby. It is equally important that midwives provide pregnant women with information on diet and nutrition as well as smoking in relation to promoting health. It is essential that a pregnant woman has a good nutritional intake, prior to conception and during pregnancy as the developing fetus requires basic nutritional substances for the development of vital structures and systems (Stables and Rankin, 2010). It is generally advised that pregnant women should consume a balanced diet, rich in fruit, vegetables, dairy and starchy carbohydrates. A poor nutritional intake can lead to deficiencies which can cause fetal deformities. An example of this is folic acid; a vitamin essential for the development of DNA and the nervous system. A deficiency of folic acid in early pregnancy can lead to neural tube defects such as spina bifida. During the first 4 weeks of pregnancy, the neural tube is developing, which is often before a woman realises she is pregnant. It would then be recommended to take folic acid as soon as possible, up until 12 weeks of pregnancy, as well as eating a range of foods rich in folic acid such as leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits and fortified cereals (Hunter et al, 2003). Similarly, vitamin D is also important during pregnancy. Women who are not regularly exposed to sunlight or do not eat fish nor dairy, may have a deficiency in vitamin D. Vitamin D assists with the absorption of calcium, essential for the formation of the developing bones and teeth of the fetus (Hunter et al, 2003). However, a randomised control trial conducted by Abdel-Aleem et al (2009) concluded that there are no noticeable effects on fetal or infant growth born to women who received calcium supplementation during pregnancy. Yet, it is difficult to generalise these findings to western cultures as participants were from eastern cultures such as India, South Africa and Vietnam. In contrast, women who over-eat are also at risk during pregnancy. Obesity is becoming an increasing problem for women within the UK. The NHS UK obesity statistics (2010) state that in 2008 25% of women aged 16 and aver were classed as obese. Pregnant women with a Body Mass Index of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤30 kg/m2 at the first antenatal consultation are considered obese (CMACE RCOG, 2010). In obesity, fatty deposits to build up within the arteries, causing blockages. This can cause hypertension, of which can increase the chances of preeclampsia; a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. OBrien et al (2003) found that the risk of preeclampsia doubled in women with a greater pre-pregnancy body mass index. In response to many findings suggesting that obesity has adverse effects on pregnancy, it may be concluded that pre-pregnancy healthy eating advice and weight loss programmes may be beneficial. Due to the extensive effects that diet can have on pregnancy, it is important that the midwife addresses the importance of a healthy diet to women in her care. It is essential that midwives consider a womans lifestyle in relation to her diet. Many women may have a busy lifestyle where they are unable to regularly exercise and prepare meals with fresh ingredients; possibly a contributing factor of obesity. The Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries and The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (2010) released guidelines in relation to the management of women with obesity in pregnancy. This allows specific guidelines for midwives to follow to provide extra support for women with obesity. Even though the guidelines focus on pregnant women with a body mass index greater than 30 kg/m2, the recommendations can be adapted for women whose body mass index is just below this obesity threshold if considered beneficial. The midwife should spend time during the booking interview to explaining the importance of specific nutrients in relation to her own and her babys health. NICE (2008) suggests that all pregnant women should be advised of the importance of folic acid supplementation prior to and during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. All women should also be informed about where to get folic acid, which foods contain folic acid, and the recommended daily dose of 400 micrograms per day to prevent less-educated women from not accessing the supplement. Supplementation of pre-pregnancy folic acid is an example of the prevention of ill-health and disease domain of the Tannahils model that occurs in practice (Bowden 2006). Also, it is important a midwife explains which foods should be avoided and why. However, women may choose not to eat nutrient-rich foods because they do not like them. In response, a midwife should provide information on practice alternatives and changes to encourage a healthier diet. Again, this is an example of the behaviour-change and educational models in practice. However, some suggestions may be costly, for example, increasing fruit and vegetable intake or extra nutritional supplements. Hence the midwife should have an up-to-date knowledge of financial benefits that pregnant women can claim, to prevent less economically advantaged women in from being disadvantaged. Again, time restraints may be a barrier to providing health related information to enable women to make informed choices about their diet. Therefore the midwives communication must be effective to ensure that women understand the information. It is part of a midwives role to communicate effectively (NMC 2008). More than one form of communication is more effective in increasing understanding, than only using one (Kerr et al, 2005). In practice, the midwife may therefore discuss a nutritional need then provide leaflets and web addresses with references so women can access further information to enable their informed choice. In addition, during booking, the midwife provides a free copy of the pregnancy book to every woman. The book aims to provide extra information and support for expectant mums and partners, Different aspects of pregnancy are explained to optimise the health and wellbeing of the mother and baby. NICE (2008) states that all pregnant women should receive information regarding the importance of their own and their babys health during the booking interview and antenatal appointments. Often this includes discussing the womans smoking status, diet and the environment which effects this. This includes assessing a women and her baby, providing up to date and accurate information in relation to their health, and if necessary referral to other health related services. The midwife is responsible for updating her own knowledge and skills to ensure that women receive the most up to date care and information. When delivering effective care, the midwife must ensure that she treats each woman as an individual, with respect, dignity, and kindness to enable women to trust her midwife with her health and wellbeing (NMC 2008). In conclusion, the midwife has a vital role in promoting health in relation to smoking and diet. Smoking and a poor diet during pregnancy can have serious adverse effects on the mother and baby. Often the main point of contact during pregnancy, the midwife provides essential information and support to women and her family with the health of the mother and baby at heart. By adhering to rules, standards and guidelines the midwife can ensure that the care provided is of the highest standard. Midwives understand that each woman is an individual and her needs are assessed on an individual basis, with a non-judgemental, caring nature. It is essential that a midwife fulfils her role in promoting a balanced, healthy diet and lifestyle prior to and during pregnancy to improve the chances of a successful pregnancy outcome. Word count: 2839

The Us Immigration System Is Broken Politics Essay

The Us Immigration System Is Broken Politics Essay Mass immigration to the United States in search of better jobs has been a subject of discussion for decades. Policy makers have been faced with a complex situation to balance the need to attract foreign talent, while on the other side reduce the risks associated with illegal immigration. The current issue is to streamline the bureaucratic process of gaining visas to deal with thousands of illegal immigrants that are currently residing in the US. This is because; these immigrants play a significant role in building the economy of the state. The Current Status of Immigration Debate The issue of illegal immigration to the US is currently posing equal and contradicting issues. On one side, these immigrants are seen as having a significant positive contribution towards the economy while on the other side; they are considered to be leading to economic drain. It is argued that they grab jobs that are meant to be for Americans or they take up those jobs that Americans are unwilling to take. Hence, illegal immigration ought to be addressed so as to yield maximum benefits from the foreign workers while at the same time reducing the inherent risks. The US census that was reported in May 2012 show that more than half of all births in the US come from ethnic minorities. US Response to Illegal Immigration Illegal immigration to the US has been classified as a humanitarian crisis which calls for immediate actions. Statistics however show that efforts to deal with this issue have strolled since the 20th century to the 21st and still in progress till date. It is evident that a lot more is needed to curb the situation other than stronger border enforcements. In 2006, the US government led by Bush who was the president at that time begun strengthening the security at the border. This was through enhancing both physical and technological infrastructure, increasing man power and other advanced technological ways to seal gaps at the borders. While a significant percentage of these improvements were put in place, there still exist more gaps which call for the current government to take a further step. The current president of the United States has a four part strategy that aims at reshaping the immigration status in the US. This strategy was among the chapters that won him interest of many to reelect him in the 2012 general election. President Obama made his people believe that there are fair and effective ways that can be used to deal with the issue of immigrants while ensuring respect is earned on both sides. He further said that common sense has to be used to ensure that US and the home countries of the immigrants receive respect in the way the immigrants are treated. Below are the four strategies of dealing with immigrants Strengthen Security at the Borders Long before Obama became the president of America, he expressed doubt in the number of police patrols at the borders. Other than increasing the number of the security force, Obama puts more emphasis on the tools used to curb crime associated with immigrants. Improved technology and better infrastructure have been put across to foster national security across the borders. Secondly, president Obama proposed a national operation to track all employers who are recruiting persons with no legal documents. The fact that these immigrants enter the states with the sole hope of gaining better employment, the best way to track them is to audit employment records in all companies. This way, no firm will seek to employ persons who have not being legally authorized to work in the US. This is way all firms will be held accountable of any illegal employee who is working for them. This serves as a respectful strategy towards discouraging illegal entrance into America while on the other side encouraging legal immigration. Enhancing Citizenship It would be unethical to chase away close to eleven million immigrants who are currently residing in the US. Therefore, the best way to deal with them is to encourage them to pursue US citizenship. This is a polite way to entice them to come out of their hide outs without punishing innocent persons. To enhance this process, they are required to take personal initiative to learn English, pass national security and criminal background checks, pay penalties and other relevant requirements. Foster Legal Immigration The process of obtaining citizenship for immigrants in the US is comprised of beuractratic processes that are discouraging. This was a proposal to benefit all illegal immigrants who are willing to pursue immigration procedures. This is a move to ensure that entrepreneurs who hold a significant portion in the economy are not disturbed. Recommendations to Deal With Illegal Immigration The issue of illegal migration is no longer trivial to be handled through a single means rather a complex approach has to be assumed. This is an approach that entails: Enhance border security. President Obama says that currently the borders are secure enough to curb to effectively deal with illegal immigration. It is however important to note that the technology used to sneak immigrants across the border changes from day to the other. As a result, this rate of advancements needs to be met with similar rate of technological advancements. These include automatic sensors or cameras and aerial vehicles that provide real time patrol and detection. In addition, the role of securing borders should be a shared responsibility to both the US and its neighbors. Rejection of proposals of Amnesty: Considering the amnesty of 1986 that let free close to three million illegal immigrants in the US, it is noted that amnesty pulls back the efforts to do away with illegal immigration. The Administration ought to enforce strict measures towards amnesty situations. This is to mean that Amnesty should be exercised on conditions that if released, immigrants will be required to return to the countries of their origin. Programs to address the push-pull effect: Illegal immigration to the US is encouraged by the push-pull effect that exists in Latin America and the United States. The push effect refers to the slow economic growth rates in the neighboring countries a factor that forces its citizens to seek for employment from across borders. On the other side, the pull effect refers to the attraction by the need for labor in the US. This can be dealt with by establishing a temporary work program in the US. This will ensure continuos supply of labor to US companies. In an indirect manner, this is a way to foster free market reforms in the US neighboring nations so as to boost their economic opportunities. Boost law enforcement measures in America: Since the government of Obama took office, there has been a notable neglect on security measures in the US. For instance; the Social Security No-Match has been abandoned. This was a means to notify employers during recruitment the legal status and duties of all relevant candidates. On a similar note, the Obama government has been said to have reduced trial of non criminal immigrants once spotted residing in the US. The fact that these two enforcements have been weakened; it is a clear indication to the outside world that migrating illegally to the US is not a big issue as long as one does not commit criminal acts. Public diplomacy to prevent illegal immigration: there is a need to study the patterns of immigration in the US. Public diplomacy should act out of survey information so as to avoid launching blind strategies. Immense concern should be directed to states that show enormous numbers in immigration and these include; Central America, Caribbean and Mexico. In fact, US ambassadors to these states ought to make known to those intending to migrate illegally to the US that they will face the full force of law. Similarities between Immigration Debates Of Both 20th And 21st Century Since the dawn of the twentieth century, the US government has put efforts towards dealing with illegal immigrants residing in the states. This same debate has continued till the 21st century. Each new government promises to put adequate measures that will ensure the issue of illegal immigration into the US enters the books of history. It can however be noted that the issue continues to disturb the economy of the US while at the same time it is boosting the economy. Illegal immigrants have significantly earned the state considerable amounts of money through offering cheap labor in the various US owned firms. This is a factor that has drawn back the efforts of chasing illegal immigrants to go back to their home countries. While on one side the government is struggling to make situations unfavorable for immigrants, private owned firms on the other side are offering better conditions to these immigrants. Private investors have for a long time now been directed the blame of attracting illegal immigration. This is because they seek cheap unskilled labor from these immigrants. The fact that immigrants belong to nations of low economic status makes it possible for them to accept low wages at the places of work. This is a factor that has curtailed the efforts of seeking illegal immigrants residing in the US. Racism and Illegal Immigration in the US The issue of Illegal immigration has not separated itself from the talk of racial discrimination. It is remembered that an article in the Washington Post dated 20th May 2006, showed that a significant percentage of children under five years constituted the Hispanics. This became an issue of concern because Hispanics are partial blacks and hence it seemed blacks are taking over the population of the US. Also, the parliamentary debate to grant legal citizenship to close to twelve million immigrants in the US was met with fierce resistance. To some extent, this resistance was fueled with the move to bar permitting blacks from gaining legal citizenship in the US. Though it might not sound right to say that immigration debates were filled with racism, it is evident that several moves were controlled by racial factor. For instance; there was a strong move to seal the Mexico-US border and send tighten patrol around this area. It is also noted that at the Canada-US border there were no proposed security improvements. The fact that Mexicans are blacks and Canadians resemble Americans is enough to prove the relationship between tribalism and illegal immigration. Racism has been seen to significantly affect the efforts towards dealing with illegal immigration. Though the above moves may be based on a pure need to deal with illegal immigration, the claim of close relationship between racism and illegal immigration still holds some truth. It is crucial at this point to note the African American discrimination that has for a long time thrived in the US. Though it is argued that equality has been achieved, there still exists those schools that are purely meant for Americans. As at now, the federal law in Arizona requires all legal immigrants to prove their legal residency whenever they travel to the US. It however proves humanely difficult to declare a person an illegal immigrant if they entered the US on human reasons. These reasons include the search for treatment, education or better paying job. These are considered rightful in the human perspective, however illegal according to the federal law. The New York Times published an anonymous letter on 1st May 2010 that indicated evidence of racial discrimination to illegal immigrants. The author of this letter notes that there exists racial profiling in Arizona when it comes to issues of illegal immigration. Conclusion The issue of illegal immigration has being a subject of discussion for quite some time in the United States. Though the state benefits from low wage labor, it cannot ignore the risks associated with illegal migration. Among these risks is the increase in security threats. Political leaders and policy makers have argued out that they can provide effective and fair means to deal with this issue. Though their methods may have worked, there is still a long way to go. The move now is leaning towards implementing the four strategies proposed by President Obama. These are fair moves aimed at reducing the benefits of migrating to the US while increasing the risk of residing in the US illegally. For instance, the use of E-verify to decrease the ease of illegal immigrants from obtaining employment is a fair and polite manner of discouraging illegal immigration. Even today, the immigration system remains broken because there has not been effective moves to address the issue of illegal immigration. Even the current government that had won the interest of almost everyone in the way it had promised to address the issue of illegal immigration seems not to succeed. This is because it is exercising contradictory measures in dealing with the situation. While the government proposes an audit to identify illegal immigrants in the firms, it also exercises neglect on Social Security No-Match. This way the whole journey towards curbing illegal immigration seems broken. There is no single definite move rather complex moves that seem to be contradictory. Also, the current means being employed to curb illegal immigration are inhuman and cost the state millions of money. For instance; the government has been said to have spent millions of money in detaining illegal immigrants and also, the detainees face inhuman conditions while awaiting trial. Woks cited

GM case study :: essays research papers

The action plan of GM should be to extensively evaluate all of their foreign alliances, and through analysis determine the overall benefits of each of their partnerships. GM should eliminate any alliances, which are not beneficial to the firm, or could be seen as not mutually beneficial between both GM and the partner alliance. Alliances, which are not mutually beneficial or more beneficial to one of the firms, are generally viewed as more advantageous and opportunistic rather than as beneficial partnership where the two firms help each other acting as partners. Alliances where one firm benefits more than the other usually do not last for long periods of time and can harm one or both of the firms in the long run. In such cases, the partnership should be either eliminated, or avoided in the future. Goals Short-term:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The short-term goals of GM should mostly be of an evaluative nature. GM needs to collect and gather data on each of their foreign partnerships. The financial, informational and opportunistic advantages of each alliance should be analyzed and evaluated to determine GM’s overall need for and benefits from each particular alliance. Longevity should also be considered. Alliances taken on only for short term benefits could ending up costing GM more than they gained in lost information, technology or competitive supremacy over an allied firm. Firms should be evaluated only on the long-term benefits of the partnership. Long-term partnerships are the only true beneficial alliances on this case. The reason for the other firms desire and reason to partner with GM should also be analyzed to ensure that neither firm’s corporate goals are of conflicting nature. Mutually beneficial alliances are much more successful in the long term and can lead to long lasting, h ighly profitable and beneficial arrangements. Medium-term:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  GM should begin to eliminate their lesser alliances, alliances, which are only advantageous in the short-term, and alliances which tend to be more beneficial to the foreign firm. This however, should be done cautiously and contractually to ensure as little information knowledge, technological knowledge and operational knowledge are lost or transferred to the separated firm. Former partners have a distinct advantage over other competitors to steal some portion of the market share. Also in the medium-term, GM should further coordinate with their strong partner firms to attempt to exploit as many advantages from each other as they can. Partner firms who are suppliers to GM should be fully integrated into the supply chain, and some elements of each firms corporate structure and policy should become transparent to further benefit both firms.

Cosmology and Moral Philosophy :: Worls Philosophical Essays

Cosmology and Moral Philosophy ABSTRACT: The universe as a whole can be shown to consist of two worlds: the real world and the transcendental world. The real world is a multitude of passing things in a gravitational field: it is the world of nature, every unit of which is born (from the transcendental world), develops, degrades and dies (that is, it returns to the transcendental world). The transcendental world is the world of the integrated, nonpassing, unborn and undying, internally functioning Unity, which is the other side of the real world (so to speak) as roots to a tree and its branches in relation to the surface of the Earth. The fundamental science of the real world is theoretical physics. The transcendental world is also a 'physical' but energyless world. In this paper, I outline characteristics of the real world, and the basic characteristics of the transcendental world which are essential for constructing a theory about the functioning of the cosmological vacuum. 1. Basic characteristics of the structure of the real world The real world of our universe one can present as consisting of the totality of the interconnected (through the known fundamental interactions) units of the nature, for example, photons, atoms, molecules, cells, living organisms, men, stars, galaxies and ets. Their materiality is shown, for example, in the outwards activity (the power), in which the units of nature come forward as integrated formations in the relation of other units of nature; their spirituality, enlightened through the materiality, in the form (in order of the growth of the spirituality) of the inside activity (that is of the spontaneous transitions into their different states), in the form of the senseorganized unity ( regulated by any laws), of the soul, and of the spirit. Different units of nature have different degrees of the spirituality, which are shown in the spontaneity, statisticality, selforganization, freedom of the will and so on, therefore one can say about corresponding spiritual aspects of any units o f nature. The transcendental part of the universe exerts the influence on the inside activity of the units of nature through creation of the virtual states and virtual processes. The units of nature of a complicated structure have the central organizing element, functioning of which gives the selforganized integrity to on initial unit, and the loss of which means destruction of this material-spiritual unit of nature. The structureless (not disintegrated into elements) units of nature (for example, photons) can arise and disappear only through their birth and destruction as a whole, while the structural units can arise and disappear in parts.

ANd People all Around :: essays research papers

And People All Around   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Overall, I feel the play was a success. The actors did a wonderful job portraying their characters and brought a true story to life. The lighting was adequate, the set was slim, sound was contributed, and the acting was outstanding. Each scene brought flavor to the play and future understanding of what was to come. Love, violence, suspense, and drama filled each scene and kept me interested throughout the entire play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout this play their were many times when the lights would dim to change the scenes, but not a spectacular light show or anything. After each climax in the scene you would see the lights go out and another scene start. I don’t think lights played an important role in this play, but they did set the spaces from each point the play. After each scene the lights would go out and the actors would race off stage only to come back and start another scene. The only lighting effects that took place were during the scenes when the choir would start singing. One example is when Don was beat up by the deputy after questioning. Afterwards, the lights dimmed and you could hear a beautiful voice that started singing a sad song.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In my opinion the set and the special effects were rather bleak. There was only a stage with a high rise and steps as well as a box and a bench for props. There was a phone however that was used for a few scenes. The colors of all of the props as well as the stage were a dark grayish color. In reference, I did wonder if that was purposely done for the nature of this play or if it was coincidence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The costumes seemed to be rather normal and nothing exquisite. Since the story line took place in a small southern town in Mississippi, most of everyone wore slacks, collard shirt, and boots. The girls in the play had on dresses with the exception of two that just wore pants. I think that the costumes could have been a little more elaborate than they were. For example, I don’t think that once I saw a cowboy hat being worn by the men. The sheriff had his boots on and everything with the little shiny badge and a gun, but know cowboy hat. YOU GOTTA HAVE THE HAT!!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sound was not a major contributor throughout the play.

High School Finance Teacher

Accrual vs. Cash Basis Accounting Alicia Wiley Grantham University Abstract In this paper I have defined accrual and cash basis accounting. Also, I have answered the following questions: Explain the difference between the accrual basis of accounting and the cash basis of accounting. What are the major reasons for using accrual accounting? What are the purpose of a journal and a ledger? Give an example of a contra-asset, and explain how it is recorded on the ledger as a transaction. Explain what a â€Å"prepaid expense† is and how it is recorded on the ledger as a transaction.What are the major differences in recording transactions for a for-profit organization versus a not-for-profit, or are there any? List and record each transaction for S. Zee Outpatient Clinic under the accrual basis of accounting at December 31, 20X1, then develop a balance sheet as of December 31, 20X1, and a statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 20X1. How do capital structure rations an d liquidity rations differ in providing insight into an organization’s ability to pay debt obligations?Identify and explain two situations where an organization might have increasing activity rations but declining profitability. Explain the difference between the accrual basis of accounting and the cash basis of accounting. What are the major reasons for using accrual accounting? Cash accounting and accrual accounting are two similar methods of maintaining accurate accounting records. While the two approaches share many aspects in common, there are two key differences that distinguish each method from the other.Essentially, the difference between cash accounting and accrual accounting boils down to the way debits and credits are applied in the bookkeeping process. To understand the difference, it is first necessary to define each type of accounting process. Cash accounting, which is also known as cash basis accounting, allows for the recognition of income at the time it is ac tually received. This means that invoiced income is not counted as an asset until payment for the invoice is actually in hand. The same approach is applied to debits, in that any expenses incurred are not osted until they are paid. In contrast, accrual accounting does recognize income at the time it is earned. As goods or services are invoiced, the invoices are posted and counted as assets. They remain in this state until the face value of the invoice is credited for some reason. In like manner, any expenses are also posted at the time they are incurred or an invoice for those expenses is received, and remains open until the expenses are paid. Most mid-level and large businesses today tend to rely on the use of the accrual method rather than cash accounting.Doing so allows a business to determine at a glance how much cash is in hand, how much is currently pending in outstanding invoices, and what current expenses are awaiting payment. What are the purpose of a journal and a ledger? The purpose of the general ledger is to record all financial transactions for a company or person and total them on a net basis (plus accounts less minus accounts) for a certain time frame according to a summary chart of accounts. The general ledger provides the important information necessary for the preparation of all basic reports required by a company or individual.For example, the general ledger will allow the preparation of balance sheet reports and profit and loss reports for all accounting periods under review. This helps to explain why the general ledger is so important. Journal is used to record transactions in chronological order Give an example of a contra-asset, and explain how it is recorded on the ledger as a transaction? Contra-asset is an asset which, when increased, decreases the value of a related asset on the books. An example of a contra-asset is the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts, which is the contra asset to Accounts Receivable.Contra-asset would be recorded on the balance of the debit matched up against the contra-asset credit. Explain what a â€Å"prepaid expense† is and how it is recorded on the ledger as a transaction? A prepaid expense, such as rent or insurance, is a type of current asset. It is recorded by decreasing Cash and increasing the prepaid amount by the same amount. Thus, the transaction only occurs in the Asset section of the Balance Sheet, and it is a zero-sum transaction. What are the major differences in recording transactions for a for-profit organization versus a not-for-profit, or are there any?For-profit organization would record certain transactions under Owner’s Equity, whereas the Not-for-Profit would use Net Assets. Also, a for-profit would not show restrictions on Owners’ Equity. List and record each transaction for S. Zee Outpatient Clinic under the accrual basis of accounting at December 31, 20X1, then develop a balance sheet as of December 31, 20X1, and a statement of operations for t he year ended December 31, 20X1. Journal Entries | | | | | | a | Cash | | 3,000,000. 00 | | | Unrestricted Contribution | | | 3,000,000. 00 | | | | | | | Equipment | | 2,000,000. 00 | | | Cash | | | 2,000,000. 00 | | | | | | c | Cash | | 1,000,000. 00 | | | Bank Loan | | | 1,000,000. 00 | | | | | | d | Supplies | | 1,500,000. 00 | | | Cash | | | 1,500,000. 00 | | | | | | e | Accounts Receivable | | 5,500,000. 00 | | | Service Revenue | | | 5,500,000. 00 | | | | | | f | Supplies Expense | | 1,000,000. 00 | | | Supplies | | | 1,000,000. 00 | | | | | | g | Cash | | 500,000. 00 | | | Unearned Service Revenue | | | 500,000. 00 | | | | | | h | Labor Expenses | | 2,000,000. 00 | | | Cash | | | 2,000,000. 00 | | | | | | | General Expenses | | 1,500,000. 00 | | | Cash | | | 1,500,000. 00 | | | | | | j | Cash | | 4,500,000. 00 | | | Accounts Receivable | | | 4,500,000. 00 | | | | | | k | Unearned Service Revenue | | 300,000. 00 | | | Service Revenue | | | 300,000. 00 | | | | | | l | Bank Loan | | 100,000. 00 | | | Cash | | | 100,000. 00 | | | | | | m | Interest Expense | | 50,000. 00 | | | Cash | | | 50,000. 00 | | | | | | n | Cash | | 100,000. 00 | | | Restricted Donation | | | 100,000. 00 | | | | | | o | Depreciation Expense | | 200,000. 00 | | | Accumulated Depreciation | | | 200,000. 0 | | | | | | p | Bad Debt Expense | | 500,000. 00 | | | Accounts Receivable | | | 500,000. 00 | | | | | | | OPERATIONS SUMMARY | | | | | | | Service Revenue | | | 5,800,000. 00 | | Less:Expenses | | | | | Supplies Expense | | 1,000,000. 00 | | | Labor Expenses | | 2,000,000. 00 | | | General Expenses | | 1,500,000. 00 | | | Interest Expense | | 50,000. 00 | | | Depreciation Expense | | 200,000. 00 | | | Bad Debt Expense | | 500,000. 00 | | | | | 5,250,000. 00 | 5,250,000. 00 | | | | | | | Net Income from Operations | | | 550,000. 00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |BALANCE SHEET AS ON 31 Dec | | | | | | | Assets : | | | | | Cash | | 1,950,000. 00 | | | Equipment | | 2,000,000. 00 | | | Supplies | | 500,000. 00 | | | Accounts Receivable | | 500,000. 00 | | | | | | | | Total Assets | | 4,950,000. 00 | | | | | | | | Liabilities | | | | | | | | | | Un restricted Contribution | | 3,000,000. 00 | | | Restricted Contribution | | 100,000. 00 | | | Net Income | | 550,000. 00 | | | Unearned Service Revenue | | 200,000. 00 | | | Bank Loan | | 900,000. 00 | | | Accumulated Depreciation | | 200,000. 00 | | | | | | | | Total Liabilities | | 4,950,000. 0| | How do capital structure rations and liquidity rations differ in providing insight into an organization’s ability to pay debt obligations? Liquidity is a company’s ability to meet its maturing short-term obligations. Liquidity is important for conducting business activity especially in times of adversity such as when operating losses occur due to economic conditions or drastic price increases of raw materials or parts. Liquidity ratios show a company’s ability to generate sufficient cash to meet its obligations. Liquidity must be sufficient to cushion such losses.If not, serious financial difficulties may result. An indication of a company’s ability to meet short-term debt obligations; the higher the ratio, the more liquid the company is. Identify and explain two situations where an organization might have increasing activity rations but declining profitability. Activity rations help assess how effectively a company uses its assets. Reference Zelman, W. , McCue, M. , Millikan, A. , and Glick, N. 2009. Financial Management of Health Care Organizations: An Introduction to Fundamental Tools, Concepts, and Applications. 3e. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons.

Inspiration

However, security, trust and convenience are among the major contending factors affecting the adoption of e-payment systems in Nigeria. This paper presents issues on the factors necessary to facilitate the development of PEPS Niger a and devise ways to enhance its adoption by users. Keywords: electronic payment system, e-money, and e-payment, Internet. 1. Introduction The worldwide proliferation of the Internet has led to the recent birth of electronic payment system : a payment service solution-software that enables monetary value to be transferred digitally.Today, electronic payment system s flourishing due to the openness, speed, anonymity, digitization, and global accessibility characteristics of the Internet [1 2], which has facilitated real-time payment transactions and the r business activities. In this paper, we considered some critical examinations on the existing payment structure in Nigeria. AY so reviewed, was different related literatures on e-payment system, and data fr om research reports. T chemical Journals, newspapers, and magazines were likewise examined.. 2.A Brief Review of the General Payment System in Nigeria In a country like Nigeria, where almost eighty percent of TTS population rely on physical cash rather than electronic payment, it is not so simple Just for people and employers of labor, to consider and decide on the basis of cost and benefit of using e-payment systems [2]. In the course of preparing this research, we had the opportunity of visiting few/remote places to find out the perception of the people about electronic money. It was observed that most people have no common knowledge about the Internet, let alone the existence of e-payments.People are quite far from all the CIT developments take Eng place in banking. What people know about banking is the use of physical cash for opposite and payment, but not electronic payments. The existing structure of the Nigerian payment system is fully based on traditional payment instruments of cash and cheeses [18]. Even for large-value payments, like sale and purchase of land and building, people prefer physical cash rather than receiving any other form of payment. This also applies to the general popular Zion. In businesses, people prefer using cheeses and drafts.Thus, Apex Bank (Central Bank of Nigeria – CAB) operates a clearing house, with many network centers for performing queue clearing throughout the country. The clearing house renders revives to the member banks and financial institutions only. Generally, all the banks and financial institutions are members of the clearing house. 2. 1 Electronic Payment Initiative in Nigeria Electronic Payment initiative began recently in Nigeria. Not all the banks and FL uncial institutions are participating in the e-payment system [11]. Although to date, most of the commercial I banks have engaged in providing some form of e-banking services.It is to be noted that not all of these institutions extend their e- banking facilities to their entire branch network. The e- payment services are mostly provided in the capital city ND some bigger cities nationwide. As mentioned, the e-payment facilities available in Nigeria are Automated Teller Machine (ATM) service, debit card, credit card, mobile banking and Internet banking [5]. Intertwines Nigeria Ltd provides the switching and settlement facilities for trans actions performed on ATM; and transact Nigh. Ltd provides mobile e-payment solutions switching and service provider.Banks purchased their software from different vendors to provide all these services to their customers. Authenticity, inter-operability, validity and confidence solely depend on the supplier of hat software [3]. However, the central bank of Nigeria and the supervisory authority of the Nigerian financial system, has thus initiated steps towards the regulation of electronic payment cyst ms in Nigeria [2]. Electronic payment system has also experienced a lot of setback in recent years due to limited availability of ATM services [5].These machines are only made available to few bank branches and clients, while the demand for the card is higher than the services provided. Infrastructure and Information Technology (IT) constraints also contributed to some of the setbacks experienced (such as: gig cost of internet connectivity, energy challenges, banks not fully automated, banks not ready for electronic payment services, and contentedness of people with the existing system because of lack of awareness on the benefit of the new technology [11]. CICS. Reapers/locals-9-2-1-462-467. Dif Facilitating the adoption of e-payment systems: theoretical constructs and empirical analysis Document Information: Title: analysis Author(s): Gives Г ¶azans, (Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey), Guyana Binaural, (Brunet University, Submerged, I-J), Ray Hackney, (Brunet University, Submerged, I-J) Citation: Gives Г ¶azans, Guyana Binaural, Ray Hackney, (2010) à ¢â‚¬Å"Facilitating the adoption of e- payment systems: theoretical constructs and empirical analysis†, Journal of Enterprise Information Management, Volvo. 23 Sis: 3, up. 05 – 325 Keywords: Electronic commerce, Payments, Risk, Trust Article type: Research paper DOE 10. 1108/17410391011036085 (Permanent URL) Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Limited Abstract: Purpose – The emergence of online transactions, enabled through internet media, has led to an increase in the availability of electronic payment (e-payment) systems. This research aims to investigate, through theoretical constructs (technology acceptance model, theory of reasoned action) and an empirical analysis, the critical factors that may ensure consumer adoption of these facilities.Design/methodology/ approach – This research study mainly uses the deductive approach to consider secondary sources and primary data, where hypotheses have been developed in order to demonstrate the findings. An init ial literature review revealed six issues that are considered critical for e-payment considerations. An anonymous and self- administered survey based on the research model was developed and e-mailed to he respondents. A total of 1 55 questionnaires were coded and analyses using SAPS to analyses the hypotheses.Advances in information technology and changes in laws, institutions and regulations in some countries have encouraged the emergence of new payment instruments as well as the delivery and processing arrangements for small and large value, time critical payments. With e commerce now in the mainstream of economic activities, we can therefore expect more major changes in the payment systems worldwide in the next five years than we have in the last five decades. Obviously, the e Philippines cannot escape from this sea change.This paper discusses key operational concepts involved in a payment system and describes the emerging payment systems in industrialized countries. This gives d eveloping countries, like the Philippines, a preview of the likely evolution of their payment systems in the next few years as they deepen the integration of their economies with the rest of the world. The paper gives a detailed description of the existing payment system in the Philippines and disc uses innovations in payments media, especially noncoms payment instruments, and facilities for the clearing and settlement of payments.Areas for improving the efficiency and reducing risks in existing payment system have been identified. Developments in the payment system have implications for the conduct of monetary policy. The second to the last section of this paper, therefore, deals with this issue. In particular, it discusses specific payment system innovations, such as the switch to ARTS system m and use of electronic payments media, that can enhance or attenuate the effectiveness of traditional monetary tools. The last section presents some recommendations.Key words: payment system ; electronic payment system; credit transfer; debit transfer; electronic money; transmission mechanism; seignior; queue clearing. President, Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PITS). The author wishes to thank Dry. Vaccine Alden's, Jar. , member of the Monetary Board, and Mr.. Francisco P. Yap, Jar. , President of the Philippine Clearing House Corporation, for their insightful comments on the first draft of this paper. Thanks are also due to Mr.. Gill Olivarez Lime, Mr.. Francis vela, Mr.. Jerome A. Archangel, Mr.. Alton Offering, Ms. Carlisle Scintilla, and Mr..Joel A. Ramose for sharing their insights on how the payment system in the Philippines operates. The author s grateful to Ms. Sharon Theta Vital, Ms. Merle Galvan and Ms. Juanita Deletion for their excellent assistance in preparing this paper. The usual disclaimer applies. 2 INTRODUCTION It is commonly known that a country's infrastructure system determines to a large extent the efficiency of the economy. In a mod ern economy, the payment system I s a major component of the country's infrastructure system. Indeed, no country nowadays can afford to take its payment system for granted.Firms pay wages to their employees and purchase raw materials from their suppliers. In turn, they receive payments for the sale of their rodents and services. Consumers make payment transactions several times in a day. Needless to say, value is transferred among participants in the economy every minute of the day, and it increases as the economy grows. The country ‘s payment system, therefore, must be efficient so that funds can quickly move among market participants for productive use, thereby promoting more activities in the economy. According to Humphrey et al. 2000), the resource cost of a nation's payment sys tem can account for 3 percent of its GAP. Modernizing a country's payment system can certainly reduce that resource cost. Thus, while the country continues to spend on roads, bridges, power supply, etc. , it must not neglect to invest in its payment system m to improve the efficiency of economy, in general, and the financial system, in particular. Through the years, payment systems have considerably changed as forms of payment have evolved from precious metals to currency and checks and recently to electro ionic payments.These changes have been made because of the need to facilitate voluminous transactions occurring in rapidly growing and increasingly more sophisticated economies. Customers naturally seek the most efficient payment teeth, while providers of payment services normally seek the most profitable payments system. Advances in information technology and changes in laws, institutions and regulations in some countries have encouraged the emergence of new payment instruments as well as the delivery and processing arrangements for small and large value, time critical payments.With commerce now in the mainstream of economic activities, we can therefore expect more 3 major changes in the payment systems worldwide in the next five years than we have I n the last five decades. Obviously, the Philippines cannot escape from this sea change. Developments in the payment system have implications for the conduct of monetary policy. Well functioning financial markets can improve the effectiveness of Indore CT instruments of monetary policy because it is through these markets that the signal of monetary policy is transmitted to the intermediate and ultimate targets of the policy Monsoons et al. 998). The effective functioning of the financial market is, in turn, affected by the extent of the efficiency of the country's payment system. Also, rapid innovations taking place in the country's payment system can unpredictably alter the emend for and supply of money, thereby affecting the effectiveness of convene national monetary tools. Monetary authorities, therefore, cannot afford to be indifferent to the rapid innovations taking place in the payment system.A coun try's payment system, no matter how advanced and sophisticated, is not immune to risks. One part y in a payment transaction may not be able to receive or use the funds at a time when she needs them for another transaction for one reason or another (e. G. , fraud, bank closure, clearing and settlement failures, etc). More importantly, failure of one par captain to settle one large payment transaction could quickly spread to other transactions and institutions involved in the payment system, causing disruptions to the entire payment system.Systemic failure of the payment system can inevitably undermine t he effectiveness of monetary policy and adversely affect the real sector of the economy. The monetary authorities, therefore, have great interest in promoting efficient and sound payment system and in seeking ways to minimize systemic risk in the payment system because it has important implications for the conduct of monetary policy, the soundness of the uncial institutions and the fu nctioning of the economy as a whole (Baling et al. 996). Recently, the Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems (CAP AS) of the Bank for International Settlements (IBIS) has developed core principles for systematically 4 important payment systems (see Table 1 These are certainly relevant to emerging market and transition economies especially since they are in the process s of improving their payment systems in order to better handle the growing payment flows within and across their borders.The development of these core principles clearly demonstrates he amount of attention currently given by developed as well as develop ins economies in modernizing payment system in light of increasing financial market integration worldwide. This paper in general attempts to assess the efficiency of the existing payment system in the Philippines and its implications for the conduct of MO notary policy. Section II discusses key operational concepts involved in a payment system. This provides a gen eral background to the issues discussed in the subsequent sections.Section II discusses emerging payment systems in industrialized countries. Modern payment systems have evolved in industrialized countries and rapidly spread to developing countries, especially to those that have already substantially liberalized their financial markets. This evolution has continued in response to the growing v illume and complexity of the transactions and as new technologies emerge. Thus, the emerging payment systems in industrialized countries provide developing countries, like the Philippines, a preview of the likely evolution of their payment systems.Socio n IV describes and makes an assessment of the existing payment system in the Philippines. Section V assesses the implications of the existing and likely evolution of the country's payment system for the implementation of monetary policy. The last section presents some recommendations. The IBIS is an international organization, which fosters coo peration among central banks and other agencies in pursuit of monetary and financial sat ability and serves as the central bank of central banks.Its head office is in Basel, Switzerland and its representative office for Asia and the Pacific is in Hong Kong. 5 Economic transactions involve the rangers of goods and services and the corresponding transfer of value . As illustrated in Figure 1 , these transfers flow in opposite direction. A pa Yemen system, which is indicated in the lower part of is a method of transferring value between buyers (payers) and sellers (payees). In reality, a payment system is much more complex than what is suggested in the figure above. 1998) provides the following comprehensive description of a payment system: â€Å"A payment system encompasses a set of instruments and means generally acceptable in making payments; the institutional and organizational framework overdoing such payments (including prudential regulation); and the operating procedures and co mmunications network used to initiate and transmit payment information from payer to payee and to settle payments. † This section discusses the functions, types of risks and payment instruments in a payment system.A. Functions of a Payment System Any payment transaction has essentially two parts: the flow of information providing payment instructions and the flow of funds . Both flows may have different timing and direction. Each payment trans action requires some form of payment instrument o convey the information about the transactions, which may include the face value of the payment, the identity of the parties (I. E. , the payer and the payee) and their intermediaries, the transaction date, ND the value or settlement date.Regardless of the type of payment instrument used to effect payment, the payment system's functions of clearing and settlement occur. Clearing is the process of transmitting, reconciling and in some cases confirming Payne NT orders or security transfer in structions prior to settlement, possibly including netting of instructions and the establishment of final positions for settlement. This will be clarified further below. 6 Settlement is the act of transferring â€Å"good and final funds† between two parties.A Payne NT is settled with finality when the payer can no longer revoke the transfer of funds to the payee and the funds have been delivered unconditionally to the payee. This is the ultimate objective of a payment system. B. Various Types of Risk in a Payment S http://drips. Pits. Gob. PH/iris/PDF/peptidase's. PDF Retail Electronic Payments Systems for Va lee Transfers in the Developing World Bill Manure Department of Anthropology University of California, Irvine [email  protected] Deed Work in Progress This is a draft concept paper.You are welcome to cite or quote, but please do not do so without the author's perm session. Comments welcome. Summary A new â€Å"payments space† has emerged in the past five to ten years that promises to bring access to funds transfer, banking and financial SE revives to millions of unbaked people in developing countries and in the diasporas that remit funds to them. This payments space is characterized by the I innovative use of new information and communications technologies. This paper summarizes the expel irenic to date of us chi new electronic payments systems.

Pride and Prejudice Response Paper

Our honorable instructor, Professor Tang assigned us to read three novels in our National Day Vacation: Hills like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway, Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, and A Woman On a Roof by Doris Lessing. Of these three, I favored Pride and Prejudice most, as apparently, neither the simple story of the sun-bathing woman in A Woman On a Roof was easier enough for me to understand its â€Å"representative of modern women figures†, nor the ugly face of the man who persuaded his girlfriend to take a â€Å"perfectly simple† abortion in Hills Like White Elephant interested enough for me.So though I was actually a fan of the novel Pride and Prejudice, with a more than five times novel reading experiences, and a more than ten times movie audience experiences ( Pride and Prejudice starred Keira Knightley and Matthew Macfadyen), I picked up this novel and read it in my vacation. I presume that Pride and Prejudice was a most comical one of Jane Austen†™s novels. People around me regarded this novel as a love story, yet to me, the novel is an illusion of the environment, the society at those years. Elizabeth, or Lizzie, the heroine and Mr.Darcy, the haughty hero, a literary idol of girls like me, are the exceptions of the gender relationships at that time. In my humble opinion, the relationship between Jane, the second heroine in this novel and Mr. Bingley was a real picture that showed the characteristics of the relationship in that federal era. They loved each other and were deeply enchanted with each other from the bottom of their heart. Yet Mr. Bingley was too shy and too worrying, he set too many obstacles for himself, while Jane was a typically conservative lady, she was bounded by the old manner and so-called â€Å"courtesy†.They hardly missed the chance to marry each other. When it comes to my favourite character—Lizzie, I must confess that she was the bravest heroine in all books I have read. At first she refused Mr. Darcy’s propose, but at last she changed her mind and was totally fell in love with him. This change represents her iron inner self and her unique personality, and that’s why she was so charming. Many writers these days like to use Lizzie as an example to stress the feminism, for she dared to chase what she care.I think she was also a successful example for all of our girls, as now we are so young, and we have the chance to chase our dream. Chaucer once said that we soon believe what we desire. That is also the unique way of Lizzie in Pride and Prejudice. All in all, Pride and Prejudice represent the climax of Jane Austen’s writing career. Also, the clues and the characters in this novel was filled with vividness, so that they are so real to our reality. That’s why I regard this novel as a real classic. Pride and Prejudice Response Paper Our honorable instructor, Professor Tang assigned us to read three novels in our National Day Vacation: Hills like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway, Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, and A Woman On a Roof by Doris Lessing. Of these three, I favored Pride and Prejudice most, as apparently, neither the simple story of the sun-bathing woman in A Woman On a Roof was easier enough for me to understand its â€Å"representative of modern women figures†, nor the ugly face of the man who persuaded his girlfriend to take a â€Å"perfectly simple† abortion in Hills Like White Elephant interested enough for me.So though I was actually a fan of the novel Pride and Prejudice, with a more than five times novel reading experiences, and a more than ten times movie audience experiences ( Pride and Prejudice starred Keira Knightley and Matthew Macfadyen), I picked up this novel and read it in my vacation. I presume that Pride and Prejudice was a most comical one of Jane Austen†™s novels. People around me regarded this novel as a love story, yet to me, the novel is an illusion of the environment, the society at those years. Elizabeth, or Lizzie, the heroine and Mr.Darcy, the haughty hero, a literary idol of girls like me, are the exceptions of the gender relationships at that time. In my humble opinion, the relationship between Jane, the second heroine in this novel and Mr. Bingley was a real picture that showed the characteristics of the relationship in that federal era. They loved each other and were deeply enchanted with each other from the bottom of their heart. Yet Mr. Bingley was too shy and too worrying, he set too many obstacles for himself, while Jane was a typically conservative lady, she was bounded by the old manner and so-called â€Å"courtesy†.They hardly missed the chance to marry each other. When it comes to my favourite character—Lizzie, I must confess that she was the bravest heroine in all books I have read. At first she refused Mr. Darcy’s propose, but at last she changed her mind and was totally fell in love with him. This change represents her iron inner self and her unique personality, and that’s why she was so charming. Many writers these days like to use Lizzie as an example to stress the feminism, for she dared to chase what she care.I think she was also a successful example for all of our girls, as now we are so young, and we have the chance to chase our dream. Chaucer once said that we soon believe what we desire. That is also the unique way of Lizzie in Pride and Prejudice. All in all, Pride and Prejudice represent the climax of Jane Austen’s writing career. Also, the clues and the characters in this novel was filled with vividness, so that they are so real to our reality. That’s why I regard this novel as a real classic.

Can Control of Written Language Create or Reinforce Power? Essay

By Daniel Whiting Language is the basis of communication between people, therefore if you ban the use of specific written language you are banning the communication of the ideas behind that language between people. People will still be able to formulate their ideas about the controversial subject but will find it difficult to spread the news on a large scale. This is because most widespread media is in written form like newspapers, books and most online content. In our history lessons we have studied the rule of Joseph Stalin and how he maintained total control over the USSR. He held strict censorship over the countries newspapers and any literature regarding the Soviet way of life and his riegn. Anything condemning the Bolshevik leadership or critisising them in any way was banned. This clearly helped stop the spread of anti- Stalinist feelings amongst the Russian people and helped grant Stalin unchallenged rule right up until his death. This is similar throughout many single party dictatorships in history for example Nazi Germany and Mao’s China. Many people may argue that banning certain written language is not a way to insure power. They argue that humans will create other words and phrases to get their ideas communicated. For example many famous fable writers even go as far as to disguise the meaning of their stories behind other language that does not literally mean the same thing. This way they could spread their criticism of the other without the risk of being accused of directly defying the ban. The banning of certain written language can have a negative effect on our gaining of knowledge. It is depriving our brains from gaining further information from which we can learn from and use in the future. It can be argued however that most of the banned written language in modern civilized countries in the west for example is banned for the protection of the reader and to stop the spread of problems like racism and sexism. It can be justified because of the fact that it is trying to protect the pillars of modern society rather than deceiving people into oppression that is commonly linked with countries ruled under a ruthless dictatorship. Controlling written language can be overcome through clever tactics that find a way around the ban. However it has been proven to significantly hinder the spread of ideas that may challenge one’s power therefore it can be a useful tool in enforcing and maintaining your power.